{"id":105,"date":"2017-05-23T13:47:10","date_gmt":"2017-05-23T13:47:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/?p=105"},"modified":"2019-03-04T18:28:26","modified_gmt":"2019-03-04T18:28:26","slug":"dysortografia-porucha-pravopisu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/2017\/05\/23\/dysortografia-porucha-pravopisu\/","title":{"rendered":"Dysortografia &#8211; porucha pravopisu"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"dslc-theme-content\"><div id=\"dslc-theme-content-inner\"><p><strong>Dysortografia<\/strong> je \u0161pecifick\u00e1 porucha pravopisu, ktor\u00e1 sa ve\u013emi \u010dasto vyskytuje v spojen\u00ed s dyslexiou. Navonok sa u \u017eiakov prejavuje naru\u0161enou schopnos\u0165ou osvojova\u0165 si pravopis jazyka, napriek primeranej inteligencii a be\u017en\u00e9mu v\u00fdukov\u00e9mu vedeniu. Typick\u00e1 je napr. neschopnos\u0165 dodr\u017ea\u0165 poradie p\u00edsmen pri p\u00edsan\u00ed slov, chybovos\u0165 pri p\u00edsan\u00ed m\u00e4k\u010de\u0148ov, d\u013a\u017e\u0148ov, neschopnos\u0165 aplikova\u0165 dobre nau\u010den\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 do p\u00edsomnej podoby. Ch\u00fdba \u201ecit pre jazyk\u201c, \u010doho d\u00f4sledkom je zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 napr. sklo\u0148ova\u0165 a \u010dasova\u0165 slovn\u00e9 druhy. <!--more-->Na z\u00e1klade vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee porucha nepostihuje cel\u00fa oblas\u0165 gramatiky, ale dot\u00fdka sa len tzv. \u0161pecifick\u00fdch dysortografick\u00fdch prejavov. Podkladom je \u010dasto nedostato\u010dne rozvinut\u00e1 oblas\u0165 sluchovej percepcie (sluchov\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165, anal\u00fdza, synt\u00e9za, audiomotorick\u00e1 koordin\u00e1cia a pod.). Uveden\u00e9 probl\u00e9my m\u00f4\u017eu vypl\u00fdva\u0165 aj z dysfunkcie pravej hemisf\u00e9ry mozgu a u niektor\u00fdch det\u00ed sa premietaj\u00fa do z\u00e1meny tvarovo podobn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen (b-d-p). Dysortografia sa m\u00f4\u017ee rozvin\u00fa\u0165 aj na b\u00e1ze poruchy dynamiky du\u0161evn\u00fdch procesov, ako s\u00fa hyperaktivita alebo hypoaktivita (Michalov\u00e1, 2004).<br \/>\nProblematiku dysortografie m\u00f4\u017eeme zhrn\u00fa\u0165 pod\u013ea typick\u00fdch znakov, tak ako ich uv\u00e1dza Z. \u017dl\u00e1b (1988, in: Michalov\u00e1, 2004):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>audit\u00edvne<\/strong> \u2013 pri ktor\u00fdch ide o naru\u0161enie sluchovej diferenci\u00e1cie a anal\u00fdzy, o oslabenie bezprostrednej audit\u00edvnej pam\u00e4ti,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vizu\u00e1lne<\/strong> \u2013 pri ktor\u00fdch je zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 kvalita vizu\u00e1lnej pam\u00e4ti, tak\u00e9to die\u0165a nie je schopn\u00e9 dokonale si vybavi\u0165,<\/li>\n<li><strong>p\u00edsmen\u00e1<\/strong> (graf\u00e9my) tvarovo i sluchovo podobn\u00e9, nedok\u00e1\u017ee chyby v nap\u00edsanom texte identifikova\u0165, pri oprave textu m\u00f4\u017ee opravi\u0165 aj to, \u010do nap\u00edsalo spr\u00e1vne,<\/li>\n<li><strong>motorick\u00e9<\/strong> \u2013 ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia s n\u00e1mahou vynalo\u017eenou pri p\u00edsan\u00ed, pr\u00ed\u010dinou je naru\u0161en\u00e1 jemn\u00e1 motorika v zmysle v\u00fdvojovej dyspraxie, grafick\u00fd prejav \u017eiaka od\u010derp\u00e1va koncentr\u00e1ciu pozornosti a \u017eiak nest\u00edha,<\/li>\n<li>vedome aplikova\u0165<strong> gramatick\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1<\/strong> a robi\u0165 si kontrolu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201ePotrebn\u00e9 je si e\u0161te uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee s vekom die\u0165a\u0165a sa men\u00ed obraz poruchy a jeho v\u00fdkonnosti. Zhruba do tretej triedy sa objavuj\u00fa klasick\u00e9 dysortografick\u00e9 chyby vr\u00e1tane z\u00e1men tvarov p\u00edsmen, inverzii, r\u00f4znych skomolen\u00edn slov. Postupne je t\u00fdchto ch\u00fdb menej, ale die\u0165a vo vy\u0161\u0161ej triede potrebuje na spr\u00e1vne nap\u00edsanie viac \u010dasu ako \u017eiak bez poruchy. Pokia\u013e je pri p\u00edsomnom prejave vyv\u00edjan\u00fd tlak na zv\u00fd\u0161enie r\u00fdchlosti, je typick\u00fdm javom, \u017ee sa aj u star\u0161ieho \u017eiaka dysortografick\u00e9 chyby objavia opakovane. Pribudn\u00fa, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 u det\u00ed s dysgrafiou, chyby pravopisn\u00e9, a to aj v javoch, ktor\u00e9 die\u0165a bezpe\u010dne ovl\u00e1da\u201c (Michalov\u00e1, 2004, s. 19).<br \/>\nPodobne pojedn\u00e1va o dysortografii aj O. Zelinkov\u00e1 (1998, s.80): \u201edysortografia je porucha postihuj\u00faca pravopis. Nezahr\u0148uje v\u0161ak cel\u00fa gramatiku, vz\u0165ahuje sa preva\u017ene na tzv. \u0161pecifick\u00e9 dysortografick\u00e9 javy, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa rozli\u0161ovanie kr\u00e1tkych a dlh\u00fdch samohl\u00e1sok, rozli\u0161ovanie slab\u00edk dy-di, ty-ti, ny-ni, rozli\u0161ovanie sykaviek, prid\u00e1vanie a vynech\u00e1vanie p\u00edsmen, popr\u00edpade slab\u00edk, nezvl\u00e1dnutie hran\u00edc slov v p\u00edsme.\u201c<br \/>\nDoteraz nie s\u00fa zn\u00e1me v\u0161etky pr\u00ed\u010diny, ktor\u00e9 v s\u00fahrne sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa dysortografiu. Z rozboru procesu p\u00edsania, z praxe a doteraz preveden\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee u det\u00ed s dysortografiou m\u00f4\u017eeme sledova\u0165 vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej, \u010di men\u0161ej miere poruchy zrakov\u00e9ho a sluchov\u00e9ho vn\u00edmania a reprodukcie rytmu, v\u00fdvoja grafomotoriky a poruchy re\u010di (Zelinkov\u00e1, 1998).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dysortografia je \u0161pecifick\u00e1 porucha pravopisu, ktor\u00e1 sa ve\u013emi \u010dasto vyskytuje v spojen\u00ed s dyslexiou. Navonok sa u \u017eiakov prejavuje naru\u0161enou schopnos\u0165ou osvojova\u0165 si pravopis jazyka, napriek primeranej inteligencii a be\u017en\u00e9mu v\u00fdukov\u00e9mu vedeniu. Typick\u00e1 je napr. neschopnos\u0165 dodr\u017ea\u0165 poradie p\u00edsmen pri p\u00edsan\u00ed slov, chybovos\u0165 pri p\u00edsan\u00ed m\u00e4k\u010de\u0148ov, d\u013a\u017e\u0148ov, neschopnos\u0165 aplikova\u0165 dobre nau\u010den\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 do p\u00edsomnej<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-informacie-o-poruchach"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1119,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105\/revisions\/1119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=105"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.csppke.sk\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}